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The 2025 finding travelled the world as a single vivid image. The study behind it is more interesting, more uncertain and more useful than the image suggests.
In 1991, the oil wells of Kuwait burned for most of a year and their smoke and oil crossed into neighbouring states. It remains the only time the world made a state pay for the environmental damage of a war. Thirty-five years later, oil is burning again in the same region.
When the author of a harm cannot be brought to court, one address remains: the duty of the state to protect.
